Artisanal gold mining
Artisanal gold mining, often referred to as artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), is the extraction of gold using simple tools, manual labor, and limited technology. It is widely practiced in developing regions such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where it provides livelihoods for millions of people. Unlike large-scale industrial mining, artisanal mining is usually informal, labor-intensive, and carried out by individuals, families, or small groups.
One of the most important aspects of artisanal gold mining is its economic significance. For many rural communities, ASGM is a vital source of income, especially where agriculture is unreliable or formal employment opportunities are scarce. The sector supports not only miners but also local businesses involved in food supply, equipment sales, transportation, and gold trading. In some countries, artisanal mining contributes significantly to national gold production and local economic activity.
However, artisanal gold mining also presents serious environmental challenges. Mining activities often involve clearing forests, digging shallow pits, and diverting rivers, which leads to deforestation, land degradation, and water pollution. A major environmental concern is the widespread use of mercury to extract gold from ore. Mercury contaminates soil and water systems and can persist in the environment for decades, harming ecosystems and wildlife.
Health and safety risks are another major issue. Artisanal miners frequently work without protective equipment or proper training. Tunnel collapses, accidents, and exposure to toxic substances are common. Mercury exposure can cause severe health problems, including neurological damage, respiratory issues, and developmental disorders, particularly affecting children and pregnant women.
is also associated with social and governance challenges. Because the sector is often unregulated, miners may face exploitation, child labor, unsafe working conditions, and conflicts over land and resources. The lack of legal recognition prevents miners from accessing financial services, technical assistance, and social protections.
Despite these challenges, has the potential to become more sustainable. Through formalization, improved regulations, safer mining techniques, mercury-free processing methods, and environmental rehabilitation, ASGM can reduce its negative impacts. With proper support, can contribute to poverty reduction, community development, and responsible resource management.